GDMT.org

Sources

253 documents. Every quotation in the matrix is checked by script against the text of its source; page numbers refer to the PDF as published.

cohort

  • Chen YT et al. Safety and clinical impact of SGLT2 inhibitor in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis: target-trial emulation. Clin Kidney J 2026 (PMC13224833) (2026) Sourcechen2026-pd · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Guo Y et al. Dose reduction and discontinuation of sacubitril/valsartan in maintenance hemodialysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2026 (PMC13506787) (2026) Sourceguo2026 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Karpinski S et al. GLP-1 RA use and outcomes in ESKD. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2026 (PMID 42640716, abstract) (2026) Sourcekarpinski2026 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Liu PY et al. GLP-1 RA vs DPP-4i in dialysis patients with HF: emulated target trial. Nat Commun 2026 (PMC13526834) (2026) Sourceliu2026 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Desai NR et al. The association of heart failure and edema events between patients initiating SZC or patiromer. Kidney360 2024;5:1835-1843 (PMC11687973, full text; CSL Vifor-funded claims analysis) (2024) Sourcedesai2024 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Mavrakanas TA, Soomro QH, Charytan DM. Hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate use in patients with end-stage kidney disease on dialysis. Kidney Int Rep 2022;7:1332-1340 (PMC9171697, full text) (2022) Sourcemavrakanas2022 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Sibbel S et al. Continuation of loop diuretics at hemodialysis initiation. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2019 (PMC6364527) (2019) Sourcesibbel2019 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Tang CH et al. Carvedilol, bisoprolol and metoprolol CR/XL in hemodialysis patients with heart failure. J Am Heart Assoc 2016 (PMC4859376) (2016) Sourcetang2016 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Weir MA et al. Beta-blocker dialyzability and mortality in older hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015 (PMID 25359874, abstract) (2015) Sourceweir2015 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Chan KE et al. Digoxin associates with mortality in ESRD. J Am Soc Nephrol 2010 (PMID 20576808, abstract) (2010) Sourcechan2010 · accessed 2026-10-09

Consensus statements and pathways

  • AHA/ACC/ESC/WHF Expert Consensus Document: Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure (2026) - Global Heart co-publication (Walsh et al.) (2026) Sourceudhf2026-gh · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Kittleson MM, et al. Management of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction: 2026 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway. JACC 2026 (2026) Sourceacc2026-hfpef
  • Lam CSP, Bozkurt B, Cherney DZI, et al. Kidney Disease and Heart Failure: Recent Advances and Current Challenges. Conclusions From a Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) Controversies Conference. JACC: Heart Failure 2026 (KDIGO Executive Conclusions) (2026)kdigo2026-hf
  • Walsh MN, et al. AHA/ACC/ESC/WHF Expert Consensus Document: Second Universal Definition of Heart Failure (2026). Circulation 2026;154 (2026) Sourceudhf2026
  • Merino JL, Tamargo J, et al. Practical compendium of antiarrhythmic drugs: a clinical consensus statement of the European Heart Rhythm Association of the ESC. Europace 2025 (PMC12367031) (2025) Sourcemerino2025-ehra · accessed 2026-10-09
  • 2024 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway for Treatment of HFrEF (2024) Sourceacc2024-hfref
  • 2023 ACC Expert Consensus Decision Pathway on Management of HFpEF (2023) Sourceacc2023-hfpef
  • Mullens 2022 EJHF: Renal effects of GDMT in HF, HFA/ESC consensus statement (2022) Sourcemullens2022
  • Pieske B, Tschöpe C, de Boer RA, et al. How to diagnose heart failure with preserved ejection fraction: the HFA-PEFF diagnostic algorithm. Eur Heart J 2019;40:3297-3317 (abstract) (2019) Sourcepieske2019-hfa-peff · accessed 2026-10-09

editorial

  • Gragnano F, Galli M, Calabrò P, Dobrev D, et al. An old drug in a new era: digitoxin in the spotlight after DIGIT-HF. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2025 (PMC12705162) (2025) Sourcegragnano2025 · accessed 2026-10-09

ema-smpc

  • Procoralan (ivabradine) EPAR product information (SmPC), Les Laboratoires Servier (2026) Sourceema-ivabradine · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Verquvo (vericiguat) EPAR product information (SmPC), Bayer AG (2026) Sourceema-vericiguat · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Entresto EPAR product information (SmPC), EMA Sourceema-entresto · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Forxiga EPAR product information (SmPC), EMA Sourceema-forxiga · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Jardiance EPAR product information (SmPC), EMA Sourceema-jardiance · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Kerendia EPAR product information (SmPC), EMA Sourceema-kerendia · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Mounjaro EPAR product information (SmPC), EMA Sourceema-mounjaro · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Ozempic EPAR product information (SmPC), EMA Sourceema-ozempic · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Procoralan (ivabradine) EPAR product information (SmPC), EMA Sourceema-procoralan · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Verquvo EPAR product information (SmPC), EMA Sourceema-verquvo · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Wegovy EPAR product information (SmPC), EMA Sourceema-wegovy · accessed 2026-10-09

FDA prescribing information

  • BIDIL (isosorbide dinitrate/hydralazine) PI, Azurity (2026) Sourcefda-bidil · DailyMed setid e1e63cd5-d1e4-4af5-bad5-1ad41ea46b00 · label 2026-01-22 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • COREG (carvedilol) PI, Waylis (2026) Sourcefda-carvedilol · DailyMed setid 07c619c6-4a0c-445e-94fa-664a54f68a39 · label 2026-08-03 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • COZAAR (losartan potassium) tablets, prescribing information, Organon LLC (2026) Sourcefda-losartan · DailyMed setid 9949448f-c3b9-44ee-94ed-c1aca8c90f39 · label 2026-01-21 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • DIOVAN (valsartan) PI, Novartis (2026) Sourcefda-valsartan · DailyMed setid 5ddba454-f3e6-43c2-a7a6-58365d297213 · label 2026-08-13 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • ENTRESTO (sacubitril/valsartan) PI, Novartis (2026) Sourcefda-sacubitril-valsartan · DailyMed setid 000dc81d-ab91-450c-8eae-8eb74e72296f · label 2026-07-07 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • FARXIGA (dapagliflozin) tablets, prescribing information, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals LP (2026) Sourcefda-dapagliflozin · DailyMed setid 72ad22ae-efe6-4cd6-a302-98aaee423d69 · label 2026-09-11 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • FUROSCIX (furosemide injection) for subcutaneous use, prescribing information, scPharmaceuticals Inc. (2026) Sourcefda-furoscix · DailyMed setid eac958dd-8d43-e44e-e053-2995a90a4d5e · label 2026-08-03 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Furosemide Injection, USP, prescribing information, Hospira, Inc. (2026) Sourcefda-furosemide-injection · DailyMed setid 39fd32f2-6bb7-4a65-d298-e48d26bc80c7 · label 2026-05-20 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Hydralazine hydrochloride tablets USP, prescribing information, Strides Pharma Science Ltd (generic manufacturer SPL) (2026) Sourcefda-hydralazine · DailyMed setid b3d1786d-c3ff-42f1-a09f-37a9c9021e5a · label 2026-06-03 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Hydrochlorothiazide tablets USP 12.5/25/50 mg, prescribing information, Accord Healthcare Inc. (2026) Sourcefda-hydrochlorothiazide · DailyMed setid babb1b20-fe82-40ba-8e7a-0c56fe433b4a · label 2026-04-02 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • INJECTAFER (ferric carboxymaltose) PI, American Regent (2026) Sourcefda-ferric-carboxymaltose · DailyMed setid 517b4a19-45b3-4286-9f6a-ced4e10447de · label 2026-08-20 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • INPEFA (sotagliflozin) PI, Lexicon (2026) Sourcefda-sotagliflozin · DailyMed setid 1a46614e-05f6-421a-b6f4-d6f8760d643a · label 2026-08-21 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • INSPRA (eplerenone) PI, Viatris (2026) Sourcefda-eplerenone · DailyMed setid 1a52bedc-8e2c-4116-a296-a87770676b4a · label 2026-02-06 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • JARDIANCE (empagliflozin) PI, Boehringer Ingelheim (2026) Sourcefda-empagliflozin · DailyMed setid faf3dd6a-9cd0-39c2-0d2e-232cb3f67565 · label 2026-02-02 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • KERENDIA (finerenone) PI, Bayer (2026) Sourcefda-finerenone · DailyMed setid fc726765-5d5a-4d6e-b037-b847bda9fb7c · label 2026-09-29 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • MOUNJARO (tirzepatide) injection, prescribing information, Eli Lilly (2026) Sourcefda-tirzepatide-mounjaro · DailyMed setid d2d7da5d-ad07-4228-955f-cf7e355c8cc0 · label 2026-09-02 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • OZEMPIC (semaglutide) PI, Novo Nordisk (2026) Sourcefda-semaglutide-ozempic · DailyMed setid adec4fd2-6858-4c99-91d4-531f5f2a2d79 · label 2026-06-10 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Ramipril capsules, prescribing information, Lupin Pharmaceuticals (no Altace SPL currently on DailyMed) (2026) Sourcefda-ramipril · DailyMed setid a8cdec12-81d1-4ef4-82c0-d05d93c37a07 · label 2026-09-02 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • THALITONE (chlorthalidone) tablets, prescribing information, Casper Pharma LLC (2026) Sourcefda-chlorthalidone · DailyMed setid bc5a0299-115b-4e60-bb3f-c75a95c51c15 · label 2026-06-26 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • TOPROL-XL (metoprolol succinate) PI, Melinta (2026) Sourcefda-metoprolol-succinate · DailyMed setid 496ddfaa-7c9c-4888-b747-a210249b367a · label 2026-03-06 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • VASOTEC (enalapril) PI, Bausch Health (2026) Sourcefda-enalapril · DailyMed setid 39631f1f-5d19-43c1-b504-bf56d991ed97 · label 2026-01-28 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • VENOFER (iron sucrose) PI, American Regent (2026) Sourcefda-iron-sucrose · DailyMed setid 626dc9e5-c6b4-4f9c-9bf4-774fd3ae619a · label 2026-03-20 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • VERQUVO (vericiguat) PI, Merck (2026) Sourcefda-vericiguat · DailyMed setid 17056d73-1b1b-4bf2-9c07-b7a9367f0d6d · label 2026-02-06 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • WEGOVY (semaglutide) injection / tablets, prescribing information, Novo Nordisk (2026) Sourcefda-semaglutide-wegovy · DailyMed setid ee06186f-2aa3-4990-a760-757579d8f77b · label 2026-06-30 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • ZEPBOUND (tirzepatide) PI, Eli Lilly (2026) Sourcefda-tirzepatide-zepbound · DailyMed setid 487cd7e7-434c-4925-99fa-aa80b1cc776b · label 2026-09-02 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Acetazolamide for Injection USP (500 mg vial), prescribing information, Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA Inc. (2025) Sourcefda-acetazolamide · DailyMed setid 5502e5ba-9b5e-460a-855f-60534b625461 · label 2025-11-17 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • ALDACTONE (spironolactone) PI, Pfizer (2025) Sourcefda-spironolactone · DailyMed setid 0fed2822-3a03-4b64-9857-c682fcd462bc · label 2025-12-01 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • ATACAND (candesartan) PI, ANI (2025) Sourcefda-candesartan · DailyMed setid 94a59260-d2b6-464a-b5b9-bbc599e57e10 · label 2025-12-23 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • BUMEX (bumetanide) tablets PI, Validus (2025) Sourcefda-bumetanide · DailyMed setid 32dfbea3-eb2b-4070-8605-57ce3e6d5a2f · label 2025-09-10 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • BYSTOLIC (nebivolol) tablets, prescribing information, Allergan Inc. (2025) Sourcefda-nebivolol · DailyMed setid 8b8ad213-1dc8-454e-a524-075685c0e1a8 · label 2025-12-31 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • CORLANOR (ivabradine) PI, Amgen (2025) Sourcefda-ivabradine · DailyMed setid 92018a65-38f6-45f7-91d4-a34921b81d0d · label 2025-11-17 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Isosorbide dinitrate tablets USP, prescribing information, Hikma Pharmaceuticals USA (generic manufacturer SPL) (2025) Sourcefda-isosorbide-dinitrate · DailyMed setid f0b9b320-0bf8-4342-b654-135ccb6755c2 · label 2025-12-19 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • LANOXIN (digoxin) tablets PI, ADVANZ (2025) Sourcefda-digoxin · DailyMed setid d91e3646-4c63-4512-ab22-db39c085c4dc · label 2025-01-09 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • LASIX (furosemide) tablets PI, Validus (2025) Sourcefda-furosemide · DailyMed setid 2c9b4d8f-0770-482d-a9e6-9c616a440b1a · label 2025-10-02 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • LOKELMA (sodium zirconium cyclosilicate) PI, AstraZeneca (2025) Sourcefda-sodium-zirconium-cyclosilicate · DailyMed setid 90bf8e28-748d-4e4b-a19f-9cf483370eff · label 2025-02-13 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • MONOFERRIC (ferric derisomaltose) PI, Pharmacosmos (2025) Sourcefda-ferric-derisomaltose · DailyMed setid 55859d2d-0456-4fa9-b41f-f535accc97db · label 2025-12-10 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Torsemide tablets PI, Teva (2025) Sourcefda-torsemide · DailyMed setid 8a95cbdb-0601-47a5-9b3a-0c3b0629ceb9 · label 2025-06-05 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Trandolapril tablets, prescribing information, Lupin Pharmaceuticals (Mavik SPL only from a 2012 repackager) (2025) Sourcefda-trandolapril · DailyMed setid 8143a6cf-dadc-4ef7-a8db-d16d7150ad34 · label 2025-11-17 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • VELTASSA (patiromer) PI, Vifor (2025) Sourcefda-patiromer · DailyMed setid bf002984-d6c9-46df-aecb-a07733f763c1 · label 2025-02-10 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • ZESTRIL (lisinopril) PI (2025) Sourcefda-lisinopril · DailyMed setid 838c2d78-d2d8-4981-9ec9-e50ef9e1a5d8 · label 2025-05-05 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Metolazone tablets USP (Zaroxolyn-equivalent), prescribing information, Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. (2024) Sourcefda-metolazone · DailyMed setid 6639d111-eb21-4997-b964-f5c61bc088f2 · label 2024-12-06 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Bisoprolol fumarate tablets PI, Unichem (no Zebeta SPL on DailyMed) (2022) Sourcefda-bisoprolol · DailyMed setid 7556f457-c4d3-49d6-b383-0ade6d489091 · label 2022-10-31 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Captopril tablets PI (generic) Sourcefda-captopril · DailyMed setid 607687f4-63cf-411c-a20b-21d238a6b7a7 · accessed 2026-10-09

Guidelines

  • 2026 ESC Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of heart failure (2026) Sourceesc2026
  • 2026 ESC Guidelines for the management of cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease, in collaboration with the ERA (2026) Sourceesc2026-ckd · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Babitt JL et al. Executive summary of the KDIGO 2026 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Anemia in CKD. Kidney Int 2026;109:44-56 (2026) Sourcekdigo2026-anemia · accessed 2026-10-09
  • ESC: 2026 ESC Guidelines for the management of heart failure (guideline web page, terms of use) (2026) Sourceescardio-guideline-terms · accessed 2026-10-09
  • KDIGO 2024 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Evaluation and Management of CKD (2024) Sourcekdigo2024-ckd · accessed 2026-10-09
  • 2023 Focused Update of the 2021 ESC HF Guidelines (2023) Sourceesc2023-update
  • 2022 AHA/ACC/HFSA Guideline for the Management of Heart Failure (2022) Sourceaha2022
  • KDIGO 2022 Clinical Practice Guideline for Diabetes Management in CKD (2022) Sourcekdigo2022-diabetes · accessed 2026-10-09
  • KDIGO 2021 Clinical Practice Guideline for the Management of Blood Pressure in CKD (2021) Sourcekdigo2021-bp · accessed 2026-10-09
  • KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for Acute Kidney Injury. Kidney Int Suppl 2012;2:1-138 (2012) Sourcekdigo2012-aki · accessed 2026-10-09
  • KDIGO 2012 Clinical Practice Guideline for Anemia in Chronic Kidney Disease. Kidney Int Suppl 2012;2:279-335 (2012) Sourcekdigo2012-anemia · accessed 2026-10-09

Guideline slide sets

  • 2026 ESC HF Guidelines official slide set (2026) Sourceesc2026-slides

Guideline supplements

  • 2026 ESC Guidelines for the management of heart failure: Supplementary data (Tables S1-S26) (2026) Sourceesc2026-supp · accessed 2026-10-09
  • 2021 ESC HF Guidelines Supplementary Data (2021) Sourceesc2021-supp

Lectures

  • 2026 ACC HFpEF ECDP slides (2026)acc2026-hfpef-slides
  • 2026 ESC HF Guideline lecture slides (2026)esc2026-lecture
  • 2026 Fifth Universal Definition of MI slides (2026)umi2026

letter

  • Rahhal A, Patel A. Revisiting DIGIT-HF: Lessons on Statistical Power. Heart Views 2025 (PMC13142806) (2025) Sourcerahhal2025 · accessed 2026-10-09

meta-analysis

  • Silva CLD et al. Sacubitril/valsartan in patients on peritoneal dialysis: systematic review and meta-analysis. J Bras Nefrol 2026 (PMC13051583) (2026) Sourcesilva2026 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Sritharan A et al. Renin-angiotensin system inhibition in dialysis-dependent patients with chronic HFrEF: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2026 (online ahead of print, gfag184). PubMed abstract (2026) Sourcesritharan2026 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Wang D, et al. Cardiac glycosides in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Front Cardiovasc Med 2026 (PMC13021435) (2026) Sourcewang2026-meta · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Pyne L et al. Steroidal MRAs in kidney failure requiring dialysis: systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet 2025 (PMID 40840478, abstract) (2025) Sourcepyne2025 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Charkviani M et al. Systematic review of cardiovascular benefits and safety of sacubitril-valsartan in end-stage kidney disease. Kidney Int Rep 2024;9:39-51. PubMed abstract (2024) Sourcecharkviani2024 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Fu D et al. Safety of ACEI/ARB in the early post kidney transplant period: meta-analysis. Front Pharmacol 2024 (PMC11670068) (2024) Sourcefu2024 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Nuffield Department of Population Health Renal Studies Group; SGLT2 inhibitor Meta-Analysis Cardio-Renal Trialists' Consortium (SMART-C). Impact of diabetes on the effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on kidney outcomes: collaborative meta-analysis of large placebo-controlled trials. Lancet 2022;400:1788-801 (PMC7613836) (2022) Sourcesmartc2022 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Tella A, et al. Beta-blocker use and cardiovascular outcomes in hemodialysis: a systematic review. Kidney Med 2022;4:100460 (PubMed abstract, PMID 35539430) (2022) Sourcetella2022 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Yeh TH, et al. Impact of type of dialyzable beta-blockers on subsequent risk of mortality in patients receiving dialysis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS One 2022;17:e0279680 (PubMed abstract, PMID 36584227) (2022) Sourceyeh2022 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Kotecha D, et al. Impact of renal impairment on beta-blocker efficacy in patients with heart failure. J Am Coll Cardiol 2019;74:2893-904 (PubMed abstract, PMID 31806133) (2019) Sourcekotecha2019 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Cleland JGF, et al. Beta-blockers for heart failure with reduced, mid-range, and preserved ejection fraction: an individual patient-level analysis. Eur Heart J 2018;39:26-35 (PubMed abstract, PMID 29040525) (2018) Sourcecleland2018 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Liu Y, et al. Effects of ACEIs and ARBs on cardiovascular events and residual renal function in dialysis patients: a meta-analysis of RCTs. BMC Nephrol 2017;18:206 (PMC5493067) (2017) Sourceliu2017 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Kotecha D, et al. Efficacy of beta blockers in patients with heart failure plus atrial fibrillation: an individual-patient data meta-analysis. Lancet 2014;384:2235-43 (PubMed abstract, PMID 25193873) (2014) Sourcekotecha2014 · accessed 2026-10-09

meta-analysis-abstract

  • Jhund PS et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in heart failure: an individual patient level meta-analysis. Lancet 2024;404:1119–31 (ESC 2026 ref 43; PubMed abstract, PMID 39232490) (2024) Sourcejhund2024 · accessed 2026-10-09

national-smpc

  • Fachinformation (SmPC) Digimerck 0,1 mg / 0,07 mg Tabletten, Merck Gesellschaft mbH Wien, Austria (BASG/AGES), Stand der Information 08/2024 (2024) Sourcebasg-digimerck-smpc · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Alkalmazási előírás (SmPC) Digimerck 0,1 mg tabletta, Merck Kft., Hungary (OGYEI), document version 2021-02 (2021) Sourceogyei-digimerck-smpc · accessed 2026-10-09

observational

  • Gao M, et al. Association between beta-blocker utilization and heart failure mortality in the peritoneal dialysis population: a cohort study. Clin Kidney J 2024;17:sfae022 (PubMed abstract, PMID 38444751) (2024) Sourcegao2024 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Le D, Grams ME, Coresh J, Shin JI. Sacubitril-valsartan in patients requiring hemodialysis. JAMA Netw Open 2024;7:e2429237 (USRDS/Medicare propensity-matched cohort). PubMed abstract (2024) Sourcele2024 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Niu CY et al. Sacubitril/valsartan in patients with heart failure and concomitant end-stage kidney disease. J Am Heart Assoc 2022;11:e026407. PubMed abstract (2022) Sourceniu2022 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Chang TI, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and cardiovascular outcomes in patients on maintenance hemodialysis (HEMO secondary analysis). Am Heart J 2011 (PMC4122283) (2011) Sourcechang2011 · accessed 2026-10-09

paper

  • Ahmed FZ et al. Effects of Ferric Derisomaltose in Heart Failure with Iron Deficiency according to Renal Function in the IRONMAN Randomised Controlled Trial. Am J Nephrol 2026 (2026) Sourceahmed2026-ironman-renal · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Klein KR et al. Safety of Semaglutide After Dialysis Initiation: An Individual-Level Pooled Analysis. Diabetes Care 2026 (2026) Sourceklein2026-semaglutide-dialysis · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Anker SD et al. Rationale and design of the FAIR-HF2-DZHK05 trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2025 (2025) Sourceanker2025-fairhf2-design · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Anker SD et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis of intravenous iron therapy for patients with heart failure and iron deficiency. Nat Med 2025;31:2640-6 (2025) Sourceanker2025-natmed-meta · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Bavendiek U, et al. DIGIT-HF: Baseline characteristics compared to recent randomized controlled heart failure trials. Eur J Heart Fail 2025 (PMC12370576) (2025) Sourcebavendiek2025-baseline · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Bavendiek U, et al. The DIGIT-HF trial: Key amendments of study design. Eur J Heart Fail 2025 (PMC11955316) (2025) Sourcebavendiek2025-amendments · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Borlaug BA et al. Effects of tirzepatide on circulatory overload and end-organ damage in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction and obesity: a secondary analysis of the SUMMIT trial. Nat Med 2025 (2025) Sourceborlaug2025-summit · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Shah SJ et al. Semaglutide and diuretic use in obesity-related HFpEF: a pooled analysis of the STEP-HFpEF and STEP-HFpEF-DM trials. Eur Heart J 2024 (2024) Sourceshah2024-step-hfpef-pooled · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Bavendiek U, et al. Simple and safe digitoxin dosing in heart failure based on data from the DIGIT-HF trial. Clin Res Cardiol 2023 (PMC10359203) (2023) Sourcebavendiek2023-dosing · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Borlaug BA et al. Semaglutide in HFpEF across obesity class and by body weight reduction: a prespecified analysis of the STEP-HFpEF trial. Nat Med 2023 (2023) Sourceborlaug2023-step-hfpef · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Ponikowski P et al. Efficacy of ferric carboxymaltose in heart failure with iron deficiency: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Eur Heart J 2023;44:5077-91 (2023) Sourceponikowski2023-ipd · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Voors AA, et al. Renal function and the effects of vericiguat in patients with worsening heart failure with reduced ejection fraction: insights from VICTORIA. Eur J Heart Fail 2021 (PMC8453520) (2021) Sourcevoors2021 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Bavendiek U, et al. Rationale and design of the DIGIT-HF trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2019 (PMC6607489) (2019) Sourcebavendiek2019 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Ponikowski P et al. Beneficial effects of long-term intravenous iron therapy with ferric carboxymaltose in patients with symptomatic heart failure and iron deficiency (CONFIRM-HF). Eur Heart J 2015;36:657-68 (2015) Sourceponikowski2015-confirm-hf · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Li X, et al. Intermittent low-dose digoxin may be effective and safe in patients with chronic heart failure undergoing maintenance hemodialysis. Exp Ther Med 2014 (PMC4218698) (2014) Sourceli2014 · accessed 2026-10-09

paper-abstract

  • Bavendiek U, et al. Digitoxin in Patients with Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction. N Engl J Med 2025;393:1155-65 (PubMed abstract, PMID 40879434) (2025) Sourcebavendiek2025-nejm-abstract · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Kawasaki S, et al. The efficacy and safety of ivabradine hydrochloride in hemodialysis patients with chronic heart failure. Ther Apher Dial 2024 (abstract, Europe PMC record PMID 38199237) (2024) Sourcekawasaki2024 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Reddy YNV, Carter RE, Obokata M, Redfield MM, Borlaug BA. A Simple, Evidence-Based Approach to Help Guide Diagnosis of Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction. Circulation 2018;138:861-870 (abstract) (2018) Sourcereddy2018-h2fpef · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Haga C, et al. Legemiddelsikkerhet ved bytte av digitalispreparat i Norge [Drug safety associated with the change of digitalis drug in Norway]. Tidsskr Nor Laegeforen 2016;136:1714-8 (PubMed abstract, PMID 27830905) (2016) Sourcetidsskriftet2016-digitalis-switch · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Stevenson LW, Pagani FD, Young JB, et al. INTERMACS profiles of advanced heart failure: the current picture. J Heart Lung Transplant 2009;28:535-541 (abstract) (2009) Sourcestevenson2009-intermacs · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Keller F, et al. Effect of digitoxin on cardiac arrhythmias in hemodialysis patients. Klin Wochenschr 1987;65:1081-6 (PubMed abstract) (1987) Sourcekeller1987 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Lohman JJ, Merkus FW. Plasma protein binding of digitoxin and some other drugs in renal disease. Pharm Weekbl Sci 1987;9:75-8 (PubMed abstract) (1987) Sourcelohman1987 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Graves PE, et al. Kinetics of digitoxin and the bis- and monodigitoxosides of digitoxigenin in renal insufficiency. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1984;36:607-12 (PubMed abstract) (1984) Sourcegraves1984 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Maier C, Kolenda KD. Digitoxin in hepatorenal insufficiency. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1983;108:1475-80 (PubMed English abstract) (1983) Sourcemaier1983 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Peters U, Grabensee B, et al. Pharmacokinetics of digitoxin in chronic renal failure. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1977;102:109-15 (PubMed English abstract) (1977) Sourcepeters1977 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Storstein L. Studies on digitalis. XI. Digitoxin metabolism in patients with impaired renal function. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1977;21:536-46 (PubMed abstract) (1977) Sourcestorstein1977 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Storstein L. Studies on digitalis. V. Influence of impaired renal function, hemodialysis, and drug interaction on serum protein binding of digitoxin and digoxin. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1976;20:6-14 (PubMed abstract) (1976) Sourcestorstein1976 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Vöhringer HF, Rietbrock N, et al. Disposition of digitoxin in renal failure. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1976;19:387-95 (PubMed abstract) (1976) Sourcevohringer1976 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Finkelstein FO, et al. Pharmacokinetics of digoxin and digitoxin in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Am J Med 1975;58:525-31 (PubMed abstract) (1975) Sourcefinkelstein1975 · accessed 2026-10-09

pharmacokinetic

  • He Y et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sacubitril/valsartan in peritoneal dialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2023;38:1880-1889. PubMed abstract (2023) Sourcehe2023 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Feng Z et al. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of sacubitril/valsartan in maintenance hemodialysis patients with heart failure. Blood Purif 2022;51:270-279. PubMed abstract (2022) Sourcefeng2022 · accessed 2026-10-09

press-release

  • ESC press release (ESC Congress 2025 Hot Line): Digitoxin improves outcomes in advanced heart failure (2025) Sourceesc2025-digit-hf-press · accessed 2026-10-09

regulatory-database

  • ANSM (France) archive: DIGITALINE Nativelle 1 mg/ml, solution buvable en gouttes (CIS 67252439) (2026) Sourceansm-digitaline-nativelle · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Drugs@FDA: ANDA 084100 CRYSTODIGIN (digitoxin) injection, Lilly, marketing status Discontinued (2026) Sourcefda-drugsfda-crystodigin · accessed 2026-10-09
  • European Medicines Agency. Article 57 product data (EMA/518502/2018 Rev.89), data as present in the Article 57 database on 21/09/2026: text extract of all rows with active substance digitoxin (2026) Sourceema-art57-digitoxin · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Health Canada Drug Product Database: DIGITALINE WELCKER TAB 0.1MG (digitoxin), DIN 00234516 (2026) Sourcehc-dpd-digitaline · accessed 2026-10-09
  • NHSBSA dm+d browser: VMP Digitoxin 100microgram tablets (2026) Sourcenhs-dmd-digitoxin · accessed 2026-10-09
  • OGYEI (Hungary) drug database record: DIGIMERCK 0,1 mg tabletta (OGYI-T-04084) (2026) Sourceogyei-digimerck-register · accessed 2026-10-09

regulatory-notice

  • BASG (Austria). Mitteilung: Ersatz von Digimerck 0,25 mg-Ampullen durch Digimerck 0,1 mg/ml Injektionslösung, 18.12.2017 (2017) Sourcebasg2017-digimerck · accessed 2026-10-09

Trials and research papers

  • Vaduganathan M, et al. Lifetime benefits of comprehensive medical therapy in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction. Nature Medicine (published online 6 October 2025) (2025) Sourcevaduganathan2026

Reviews

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  • Biegus J, Ponikowski P. The second universal definition of heart failure (2026). What's new? ESC Heart Failure 2026 (viewpoint) (2026) Sourceudhf2026-whatsnew · accessed 2026-10-09
  • de Boer RA, et al. Heart failure in the elderly: epidemiology, mechanisms, and management. Eur Heart J 2026 (PMC13286651) (2026) Sourcedeboer2026-elderly · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Elenjickal EJ, Mavrakanas TA. Mineralocorticoid Receptor Antagonists in Dialysis. Am J Nephrol 2026 (PMC13309082) (2026) Sourceelenjickal2026 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Ghimire A et al. Heart Failure in Kidney Transplant Recipients: Narrative Review of Risk Factors, Therapy, and Current Gaps. Cardiol Ther 2026 (PMC12988941) (2026) Sourceghimire2026 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Khalil MAM et al. Finerenone in kidney transplantation: review. Clin Transplant Res 2026 (PMC13019120) (2026) Sourcekhalil2026 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Minutolo R et al. SGLT2 inhibitors in hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis patients: rationale and state-of-the art. Clin Kidney J 2026 (PMC12757745) (2026) Sourceminutolo2026 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Sciatti E, et al. The comeback of digitalis (digitoxin): the DIGIT-HF trial. Eur Heart J Suppl 2026 (PMC13147277) (2026) Sourcesciatti2026 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Tamargo J, Agewall S, Ambrosio G, et al. Cardiovascular pharmacotherapy in 2025. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother 2026 (PMC13185746) (2026) Sourcetamargo2026 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Touzot M et al. Prescription of off-label medications in patients on dialysis. Clin Kidney J 2026 (PMC13184690) (2026) Sourcetouzot2026 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Li P et al. Efficacy and safety of sacubitril/valsartan in ESRD patients with heart failure: a review. Ann Med 2025 (PMC12422042) (2025) Sourceli2025 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Guo L et al. Management of Chronic Heart Failure in Dialysis Patients. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2024 (PMC11270084) (2024) Sourceguo2024 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Beldhuis 2022 Circulation: Evidence-based medical therapy in HFrEF patients with CKD (2022) Sourcebeldhuis2022
  • Greene 2021 JAMA Cardiol: Simultaneous or rapid sequence initiation of GDMT for HF (2021) Sourcegreene2021
  • Packer & McMurray 2021 EJHF: Rapid evidence-based sequencing of foundational drugs for HFrEF (2021) Sourcepacker2021
  • Inampudi C, Alvarez P, Asleh R, Briasoulis A. Therapeutic approach to patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction and end-stage renal disease. Curr Cardiol Rev 2018 (2018) Sourceinampudi2018 · accessed 2026-10-09

review-abstract

  • Geavlete O, Ambrosy AP, et al. The DIGIT-HF trial and the Mihai Gheorghiade legacy: time to reconsider cardiac glycosides as effective therapy in HFrEF. Heart Fail Rev 2026 (PubMed abstract) (2026) Sourcegeavlete2026 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Belz GG, et al. Treatment of congestive heart failure - current status of use of digitoxin. Eur J Clin Invest 2001;31 Suppl 2:10-7 (PubMed abstract) (2001) Sourcebelz2001 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Vöhringer HF, Rietbrock N. Digitalis therapy in renal failure with special regard to digitoxin. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1981;19:175-84 (PubMed abstract) (1981) Sourcevohringer1981 · accessed 2026-10-09

smpc

  • Digitoxin AWD Fachinformation (German SmPC) (2025) Sourcesmpc-digitoxin-awd · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Nebivolol 5 mg tablets, UK SmPC, Amarox Limited (emc); Nebilet-equivalent text incl. CHF indication (2025) Sourcesmpc-nebivolol · label 2025-04-10 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Cardicor 1.25 mg film-coated tablets (bisoprolol), UK SmPC, Merck Serono Ltd (emc) (2020) Sourcesmpc-bisoprolol-cardicor · label 2020-11-06 · accessed 2026-10-09

society-editorial

  • British Cardiovascular Society Heartbeat editorial. Digitoxin in Heart Failure - A Comeback Story? (2025) Sourcebcs2025-digitoxin-editorial · accessed 2026-10-09

society-statement

  • Bauersachs J, Maier L, ter Horst N, Bavendiek U. Lieferengpass Digitoxin: Stellungnahme der Deutschen Gesellschaft für Kardiologie. Kardiologie 2022 (2022) Sourcedgk2022-digitoxin · accessed 2026-10-09

trade-news

  • The Cardiology Advisor (Haymarket). Digitoxin Improves Mortality, HF Hospitalization Outcomes in HFrEF (news summary of NEJM DIGIT-HF) (2025) Sourcecardiologyadvisor2025-digit-hf · accessed 2026-10-09

trial

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  • Vinke JSJ et al. Ferric carboxymaltose and exercise capacity in iron-deficient kidney transplant recipients: RCT. EClinicalMedicine 2026 (PMC13571158) (2026) Sourcevinke2026 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Yan H et al. Henagliflozin on cardiac structure in dialysis patients with HFpEF (HELD-HF). Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2026 (PMID 42684836, abstract) (2026) Sourceyan2026 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Fishbane S et al. DIALIZE-Outcomes. Kidney Int 2025 (PMID 40618849, abstract) (2025) Sourcefishbane2025 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Kosiborod MN et al. Sodium zirconium cyclosilicate for management of hyperkalemia during spironolactone optimization in patients with heart failure (REALIZE-K). J Am Coll Cardiol 2025;85:971-984 (PubMed abstract, PMID 39566872) (2025) Sourcekosiborod2025 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Lin L et al. Sacubitril-valsartan lowers blood pressure in patients on dialysis: a randomized controlled multicenter study (vs irbesartan, hypertension). Kidney Dis (Basel) 2025;11:206-217. PubMed abstract (2025) Sourcelin2025 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Petrie MC et al. SZC, hyperkalaemia, and spironolactone optimization in HFrEF: the REALIZE-K open-label run-in phase. Eur J Heart Fail 2025 (PMC12482837, full text) (2025) Sourcepetrie2025 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Rossignol P et al. Spironolactone in patients on chronic haemodialysis (ALCHEMIST). Lancet 2025 (PMID 40818851, abstract) (2025) Sourcerossignol2025 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Walsh M et al. Spironolactone versus placebo in patients undergoing maintenance dialysis (ACHIEVE). Lancet 2025 (PMID 40818850, abstract) (2025) Sourcewalsh2025 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Middleton JP et al. Randomized trial of patiromer on efficacy to reduce episodic hyperkalemia in patients with ESKD treated with hemodialysis (PEARL-HD). Kidney Int Rep 2024 (PMC11551111, full text) (2024) Sourcemiddleton2024 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Mentz RJ et al. Effect of torsemide vs furosemide after discharge on all-cause mortality in patients hospitalized with heart failure: the TRANSFORM-HF randomized clinical trial. JAMA 2023;329:214-223 (PMC9857435, front matter/abstract via NCBI efetch) (2023) Sourcementz2023 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Tardif JC et al. Potassium reduction with sodium zirconium cyclosilicate in patients with heart failure (PRIORITIZE-HF). ESC Heart Fail 2023;10:1066-1076 (PMC10053160, full text) (2023) Sourcetardif2023 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Trullas JC et al. Combining loop with thiazide diuretics for decompensated heart failure: the CLOROTIC trial. Eur Heart J 2023;44:411-421 (PubMed 36423214 abstract) (2023) Sourcetrullas2023 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Bhandari S, et al. Renin-angiotensin system inhibition in advanced chronic kidney disease (STOP-ACEi). N Engl J Med 2022;387:2021-32 (2022) Sourcebhandari2022 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Butler J, Anker SD, Lund LH, et al. Patiromer for the management of hyperkalemia in HFrEF: the DIAMOND trial. Eur Heart J 2022;43:4362-73 (PMC9622299, full text) (2022) Sourcebutler2022 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Mullens W et al. Acetazolamide in acute decompensated heart failure with volume overload (ADVOR). N Engl J Med 2022;387:1185-1195 (PubMed 36027559 abstract; no PMC full text; NEJM site bot-blocked) (2022) Sourceadvor2022 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Agarwal R et al. Chlorthalidone for hypertension in advanced chronic kidney disease (CLICK). N Engl J Med 2021;385:2507-2519 (PMC9119310 full text via NCBI efetch) (2021) Sourceagarwal2021 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Ruggenenti P et al. Ramipril in maintenance hemodialysis (ARCADIA). Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2021 (PMID 33782036, abstract) (2021) Sourceruggenenti2021 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Charytan DM et al. SPin-D trial. Kidney Int 2019 (PMID 30473139, abstract) (2019) Sourcecharytan2019 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Fishbane S et al. DIALIZE: sodium zirconium cyclosilicate in hemodialysis. J Am Soc Nephrol 2019 (PMC6727265) (2019) Sourcefishbane2019 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Macdougall IC et al. Intravenous Iron in Patients Undergoing Maintenance Hemodialysis (PIVOTAL). N Engl J Med 2019 (PMID 30365356, abstract) (2019) Sourcemacdougall2019 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Solomon SD et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition in heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (PARAGON-HF). N Engl J Med 2019;381:1609-1620. PubMed abstract (2019) Sourcesolomon2019 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Velazquez EJ et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition in acute decompensated heart failure (PIONEER-HF). N Engl J Med 2019;380:539-548. PubMed abstract (2019) Sourcevelazquez2019 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Wachter R et al. Initiation of sacubitril/valsartan in haemodynamically stabilised heart failure patients in hospital or early after discharge: primary results of the randomised TRANSITION study. Eur J Heart Fail 2019;21:998-1007. PubMed abstract (2019) Sourcewachter2019 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Haynes R et al. Effects of sacubitril/valsartan versus irbesartan in patients with chronic kidney disease (UK HARP-III). Circulation 2018;138:1505-1514. PubMed abstract (2018) Sourcehaynes2018 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Tieu A et al. Beta-blocker dialyzability in maintenance hemodialysis: randomized PK trial. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2018 (PMID 29519953, abstract) (2018) Sourcetieu2018 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Knoll GA, et al. Ramipril versus placebo in kidney transplant patients with proteinuria (RCT). Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2016;4:318-26 (PubMed abstract, PMID 26608067) (2016) Sourceknoll2016 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Roberts MA et al. BLOCADE Feasibility Study. Am J Kidney Dis 2016 (PMID 26717861, abstract) (2016) Sourceroberts2016 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Agarwal R et al. Atenolol or lisinopril in hemodialysis (HDPAL). Nephrol Dial Transplant 2014 (PMID 24398888, abstract) (2014) Sourceagarwal2014 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • McMurray JJV et al. Angiotensin-neprilysin inhibition versus enalapril in heart failure (PARADIGM-HF). N Engl J Med 2014;371:993-1004. PubMed abstract (2014) Sourcemcmurray2014 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • McMurray JJV, et al. Baseline characteristics and treatment of patients in PARADIGM-HF. Eur J Heart Fail 2014 (2014) Sourcemcmurray2014-paradigm-baseline · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Iseki K, et al. (OCTOPUS) Effects of ARB on mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in patients with long-term haemodialysis: a randomized controlled trial. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2013;28:1579-89 (PubMed abstract, PMID 23355629) (2013) Sourceiseki2013 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Cice G et al. Telmisartan added to ACE inhibitors in hemodialysis patients with CHF. J Am Coll Cardiol 2010 (PMID 21070920, abstract) (2010) Sourcecice2010 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Konstam MA, et al. Effects of high-dose versus low-dose losartan on clinical outcomes in patients with heart failure (HEAAL study). Lancet 2009;374:1840-8 (PubMed abstract, PMID 19922995) (2009) Sourcekonstam2009 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Suzuki H, et al. Effect of angiotensin receptor blockers on cardiovascular events in patients undergoing hemodialysis: an open-label randomized controlled trial. Am J Kidney Dis 2008;52:501-6 (PubMed abstract, PMID 18653268) (2008) Sourcesuzuki2008 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Takahashi A et al. Candesartan reduces cardiovascular events in chronic haemodialysis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2006 (PMID 16766543, abstract) (2006) Sourcetakahashi2006 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Zannad F et al. Fosinopril in ESRD (FOSIDIAL). Kidney Int 2006 (PMID 16871247, abstract) (2006) Sourcezannad2006 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Flather MD, et al. SENIORS: nebivolol in elderly patients with heart failure. Eur Heart J 2005;26:215-25 (PubMed abstract, PMID 15642700) (2005) Sourceflather2005 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Taylor AL et al. Combination of isosorbide dinitrate and hydralazine in blacks with heart failure (A-HeFT). N Engl J Med 2004;351:2049-57 (PubMed abstract, PMID 15533851) (2004) Sourcetaylor2004 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Cice G et al. Carvedilol increases two-year survival in dialysis patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. J Am Coll Cardiol 2003 (PMID 12742278, abstract) (2003) Sourcecice2003 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Granger CB, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and reduced LV systolic function intolerant to ACE inhibitors: the CHARM-Alternative trial. Lancet 2003;362:772-6 (PubMed abstract, PMID 13678870) (2003) Sourcegranger2003 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Yusuf S, et al. Effects of candesartan in patients with chronic heart failure and preserved LVEF: the CHARM-Preserved trial. Lancet 2003;362:777-81 (PubMed abstract, PMID 13678871) (2003) Sourceyusuf2003 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Cohn JN, Tognoni G. A randomized trial of the angiotensin-receptor blocker valsartan in chronic heart failure (Val-HeFT). N Engl J Med 2001;345:1667-75 (PubMed abstract, PMID 11759645) (2001) Sourcecohn2001 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • CIBIS-II Investigators. The Cardiac Insufficiency Bisoprolol Study II (CIBIS-II): a randomised trial. Lancet 1999;353:9-13 (PubMed abstract, PMID 10023943) (1999) Sourcecibis2-1999 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Packer M, et al. Comparative effects of low and high doses of lisinopril on morbidity and mortality in chronic heart failure (ATLAS). Circulation 1999;100:2312-8 (PubMed abstract, PMID 10587334) (1999) Sourcepacker1999 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Cohn JN et al. A comparison of enalapril with hydralazine-isosorbide dinitrate in chronic congestive heart failure (V-HeFT II). N Engl J Med 1991;325:303-10 (PubMed abstract, PMID 2057035) (1991) Sourcecohn1991 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • SOLVD Investigators. Effect of enalapril on survival in patients with reduced LVEF and congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1991;325:293-302 (PubMed abstract, PMID 2057034) (1991) Sourcesolvd1991 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • CONSENSUS Trial Study Group. Effects of enalapril on mortality in severe congestive heart failure. N Engl J Med 1987;316:1429-35 (PubMed abstract, PMID 2883575) (1987) Sourceconsensus1987 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Cohn JN et al. Effect of vasodilator therapy on mortality in chronic congestive heart failure (V-HeFT I). N Engl J Med 1986;314:1547-52 (PubMed abstract, PMID 3520315) (1986) Sourcecohn1986 · accessed 2026-10-09

trial-abstract

  • Mc Causland FR et al. Finerenone and kidney outcomes in patients with heart failure: the FINEARTS-HF trial. J Am Coll Cardiol 2025 (PubMed abstract, PMID 39490700) (2025) Sourcemccausland2025 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Matsumoto S et al. Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists in patients with heart failure and impaired renal function (RALES + EMPHASIS-HF pooled). J Am Coll Cardiol 2024 (PubMed abstract, PMID 38739064) (2024) Sourcematsumoto2024 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Mortensen LA et al. Effect of spironolactone on kidney function in kidney transplant recipients (SPIREN). Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2024 (PubMed abstract, PMID 38416033) (2024) Sourcemortensen2024 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Solomon SD et al. Finerenone in heart failure with mildly reduced or preserved ejection fraction (FINEARTS-HF). N Engl J Med 2024;391:1475–85 (PubMed abstract, PMID 39225278) (2024) Sourcesolomon2024 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Mebazaa A, Davison B, Chioncel O, et al. Safety, tolerability and efficacy of up-titration of guideline-directed medical therapies for acute heart failure (STRONG-HF): a multinational, open-label, randomised, trial. Lancet 2022;400:1938-1952 (abstract) (2022) Sourcemebazaa2022-strong-hf · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Pfeffer MA et al. Regional variation in patients and outcomes in TOPCAT. Circulation 2015;131:34–42 (PubMed abstract, PMID 25406305) (2015) Sourcepfeffer2015 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Zannad F et al. Eplerenone in patients with systolic heart failure and mild symptoms (EMPHASIS-HF). N Engl J Med 2011;364:11–21 (PubMed abstract, PMID 21073363) (2011) Sourcezannad2011 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Pitt B et al. The effect of spironolactone on morbidity and mortality in patients with severe heart failure (RALES). N Engl J Med 1999;341:709–17 (PubMed abstract, PMID 10471456) (1999) Sourcepitt1999 · accessed 2026-10-09

trial-analysis

  • Bakker WM et al. Efficacy and safety of dapagliflozin in patients receiving dialysis: a post-hoc analysis of the DAPA-CKD trial. Clin Kidney J 2026 (PMC13339949) (2026) Sourcebakker2026 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Klein KR et al. Safety of Semaglutide After Dialysis Initiation: pooled analysis. Diabetes Care 2026 (PMC13191398) (2026) Sourceklein2026 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Jhund PS et al. HF hospitalization in hemodialysis and effect of IV iron (PIVOTAL). JACC Heart Fail 2021 (PMID 34119470, abstract) (2021) Sourcejhund2021 · accessed 2026-10-09

trial-design

  • Zelniker TA et al. Design, rationale and baseline characteristics of the DAPA-HD trial. ESC Heart Fail 2026 (PMC13189660) (2026) Sourcezelniker2026 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Bakker WM, Heerspink HJL, et al. Rationale and design of the Renal Lifecycle trial assessing the effect of dapagliflozin on cardiorenal outcomes in severe chronic kidney disease. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2025;40:1746-55 (PMC12394133, Europe PMC full text) (2025) Sourcebakker2025 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • Mullens W et al. Rationale and design of the ADVOR trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2018;20:1591-1600 (PubMed 30238574 abstract) (2018) Sourceadvor-design2018 · accessed 2026-10-09
  • McMurray JJV, et al. Dual angiotensin receptor and neprilysin inhibition as an alternative to angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibition in patients with chronic systolic heart failure: rationale for and design of the PARADIGM-HF trial. Eur J Heart Fail 2013 (2013) Sourcemcmurray2013-paradigm-design · accessed 2026-10-09

trial-registry

  • ADVOR (NCT03505788) eligibility criteria, ClinicalTrials.gov API v2 (legacy markup) (2026) Sourceadvor-ctgov · accessed 2026-10-09
  • EU Clinical Trials Register: DIGIT-HF, EudraCT 2013-005326-38 (DE record) (2026) Sourcedigit-hf-euctr · accessed 2026-10-09
  • PARAGON-HF (NCT01920711), ClinicalTrials.gov eligibility criteria (2013) Sourceparagon-ctgov · accessed 2026-10-09
  • CLOROTIC (NCT01647932), ClinicalTrials.gov eligibility criteria (2012) Sourceclorotic-ctgov · accessed 2026-10-09
  • PARADIGM-HF (NCT01035255), ClinicalTrials.gov eligibility criteria (2009) Sourceparadigm-ctgov · accessed 2026-10-09

trial-subanalysis

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